CLIENT ALERT
March 1, 2016
U.S. Antitrust Agencies Continue Enforcement
Push Targeting Invitations to Collude
SPEED READ
Recent federal antitrust enforcement activity demonstrates that companies that invite or merely suggest collusive agreements to
competitors can be found liable. As the federal antitrust authorities continue their path to vigorous enforcement, it is crucial for
companies to appreciate how even an unaccepted invitation to collude could still potentially run afoul of the antitrust
laws. Companies must be cognizant that all discussions or communications with their competitors on topics relating to
competition or pricing could lead to potential exposure.
A wellunderstood tenet of antitrust law is that companies cannot agree to collude or otherwise form anticompetitive agreements with their
competitors. Recent federal antitrust enforcement activity demonstrates, however, that companies that invite or merely suggest such
collusive agreements to competitors can also be found liable. As the federal antitrust authorities continue their path to vigorous
enforcement, it is crucial for companies to appreciate how even an unaccepted invitation could still potentially run afoul of the antitrust laws.
A recent enforcement action at the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) is illustrative. In the Matter of Drug Testing Compliance (“DTC”)
Group, LLC, [1] the FTC alleged that DTC, a provider of valueadded compliance services to commercial drivers, contacted a rival supplier to
complain that the competitor had induced a DTC customer to switch service providers away from DTC. The president of DTC requested a
meeting with the competitor to discuss the matter and, at that meeting, allegedly proposed that the two firms agree not to solicit or compete
for one another’s existing customers. DTC’s president explained that such an agreement could be beneficial to each company as it could
sell its services to customers without fearing that its rival would later undercut it with a lower price offer. According to the FTC, DTC’s offer
was never accepted.
The FTC is mum on the way in which it learned of the invitation to collude but one can guess. Following an investigation, the FTC found that
DTC’s invitation to collude with a competitor violated Section 5 of the FTC Act on its face and required no showing of market power, market
concentration, adverse competitive effect, or proof that the competitor actually accepted the invitation. DTC was hit with a 20year consent
order enjoining it from engaging in such anticompetitive behavior in the future as well as imposing burdensome ongoing reporting and
compliance requirements. Specifically, the order provides that:
l
DTC is enjoined from communicating with its competitors about customers, rates or prices (although there is an exception for
dissemination of information to the public through websites or public advertising);
l
DTC is enjoined from entering into, participating in, maintaining, organizing, implementing, enforcing, inviting, encouraging, offering,
or soliciting an agreement with any competitor to divide markets, to allocate customers, or to fix prices or other terms and conditions;
and
l
DTC is prohibited from urging any competitor to raise, fix, or maintain its price or rate levels, divide markets, allocate customers, or to
limit or reduce service terms or levels.
This isn’t the first time that the FTC has targeted this type of conduct. In a 2014 case, In the Matter of Nationwide Barcode, [2] two Internet
resellers of UPC barcodes used by retailers for price scanning and inventory purposes settled FTC charges that they violated the FTC Act by
inviting competitors to join in a collusive scheme to raise the prices charged for barcodes sold online. Even though the invitations to collude
did not result in an agreement on price or other terms of competition, the FTC found that the companies had violated the FTC Act by inviting
such agreement to raise prices. The FTC order in that case similarly barred the companies from:
l
Communicating with their competitors about barcode rates or prices;
l
Entering into, participating in, maintaining, organizing, implementing, enforcing, inviting, offering, or soliciting any agreement with any
competitor to divide markets, allocate customers, or fix or maintain prices; and
l
Urging any competitor to raise, fix, or maintain prices or to limit or reduce the terms or levels of services they provide.
The FTC levied similar allegations and required analogous restrictions in other prior cases like In re Step N Grip, LLC (FTC 2015) [3] and In
re Valassis Communications, Inc. (FTC 2006).[4] The Valassis case is unique in that FTC alleged that the invitation to collude was made
during a public analyst conference call as opposed to through private communications.
These cases are an important reminder that the FTC will liberally continue to explore ways to utilize Section 5 as its “catchall” provision of
choice to punish conduct – even unsuccessful conduct – that it might not be able to prosecute under the Sherman or Clayton Acts. And of
course, bear in mind that these investigations can be highly embarrassing, as client emails and statements will be captured in full detail in
FTC filings. In the 2014 case, an executive’s message urging his competitors to raise prices was published in its entirety with such
memorable phrases such as “Here’s the deal, Phil. I’m your friend, not your enemy … This problem [of constantly lowering our prices] has
to stop…” This text will haunt the author for some time.
Bottom line: The FTC absolutely will investigate communications with competitors about competitively sensitive matters – period. As such,
clients must stop all discussions with their competitors about topics relating to competition, customer allocation, and/or pricing and should
consult antitrust counsel immediately to assess potential exposure in the event they have inadvertently participated in any such discussions
or communications.
[1] Full case file available online at http://www.goodwinprocter.comhttps://www.ftc.gov/enforcement/casesproceedings/1510048/drug
testingcompliancegroupllcmatter.
[2] Full case file available online at http://www.goodwinprocter.comhttps://www.ftc.gov/enforcement/casesproceedings/141
0036/nationwidebarcodematter.
[3] Full case file available online at http://www.goodwinprocter.comhttps://www.ftc.gov/enforcement/casesproceedings/1510181/stepn
gripllcmatter.
[4] Full case file available online at http://www.goodwinprocter.comhttps://www.ftc.gov/enforcement/casesproceedings/0510008/valassis
. communicationsincmatter.
Authors: Kirby H. Lewis, Andrea Murino
GET IN TOUCH
For more information about the contents of this alert,
please contact:
Kirby Lewis
Counsel
+1 617 570 8165
klewis@goodwinprocter.com
Andrea Murino
Partner
+1 202 346 4173
amurino@goodwinprocter.com
© 2016 Goodwin Procter LLP. All rights reserved. This informational piece, which may be considered advertising under the ethical rules of
certain jurisdictions, is provided with the understanding that it does not constitute the rendering of legal advice or other professional advice
by Goodwin Procter LLP, Goodwin Procter (UK) LLP or their attorneys. Prior results do not guarantee similar outcome.
Goodwin Procter LLP is a limited liability partnership which operates in the United States and has a principal law office located at 53 State
Street, Boston, MA 02109. Goodwin Procter (UK) LLP is a separate limited liability partnership registered in England and Wales with
registered number OC362294. Its registered office is at Tower 42, 25 Old Broad Street, London EC2N 1HQ. A list of the names of the
members of Goodwin Procter (UK) LLP is available for inspection at the registered office. Goodwin Procter (UK) LLP is authorized and
regulated by the Solicitors Regulation Authority.
2
.