Best Practices For Motions Brief Writing: Part 1
Law360, New York (March 4, 2016, 12:39 PM ET)
Scott M. Himes
This twopart series is a “primer” for effective brief writing when making a motion. It
suggests practical considerations — “do's” and “don’ts” — when you put pen to
paper for the brief. The diligent brief writer should focus on these best practices from
cover to conclusion. Part 1 addresses the sections of a brief through the statement of
facts. Part 2 addresses the rest of the brief, also offering some thoughts about
opposition and reply briefs.
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A litigator’s standard fare is making motions. Before, during or after trial, we ask the court to do
something — to dismiss the other side’s case, grant our client summary judgment, order
discovery from an opposing party, preclude certain evidence from being admitted at trial, grant a
new trial, and a host of other things. Motions are an indispensable tool in bringing victory to our
client’s cause. But all too often lawyers prepare them haphazardly, without sufficient clarity and
lacking compelling advocacy. Some motions, such as one for summary judgment, require an
evidentiary showing based on affidavits, deposition testimony and exhibits, while others, such
as a motion to dismiss, often do not. However, a brief, or what is often called a “memorandum of
. law” in the trial court, is usually necessary — to present the facts (be they evidentiary or
assumed), describe the law, and apply that law to the case at hand. A strong brief is essential
for succeeding on the motion. How can you make it as effective as possible?
Brief writing is assuredly more art than science. Equally able lawyers prepare briefs differently.
No one size fits all, and there can be exceptions to the norm for a particular motion. But certain
“best practices” exist for the vast majority of motions briefs that a lawyer will file. Indeed, much
of best practices is basic to a persuasive brief, yet often these advocacy techniques are
overlooked. This article offers a checklist for younger litigators and a refresher for more
experienced ones.
The “Cosmetic” Preliminaries
Unless your brief is very short, it should have a cover page, table of contents and table of
authorities. In fact, court rules or judges’ individual practices often require that these be included
in a brief, or otherwise require them for a brief of a certain length, say 10 pages or more. But
even if not required, including them is good advocacy, not merely cosmetics. Appearance
counts. Show professionalism. Let the court know from the very beginning that you are a careful
— and therefore credible — advocate. After all, credibility with the court is a key ingredient for
success. Although it sounds elementary, the cover should include the caption (there should be
no confusion as to which case is involved); a title for the motion (in the shortestpossible
description, such as “Plaintiff’s Memorandum of Law in Support of Its Motion for X”); and the
names and contact information of the parties’ counsel (including, now, email addresses for the
attorneys listed).
The table of contents, while often given the bum’s rush by many lawyers, is in reality a very
important part of the brief. The headings comprising the table of contents are the outline for your
motion. That is, the headings throughout your brief — and particularly for the Argument section
— are a key to persuading the court of your position. The table of contents itself should be
. completed when your brief is done. (The current word processing programs can generate it
automatically.) But at the start of drafting the brief, you should develop an outline, paying careful
attention to headings as the roadmap of your brief that will become the table of contents.
Usually it makes sense to outline your brief generally before you begin drafting; but once you
begin drafting, craft all sections of the brief (including the Statement of Facts) with headings.
Strive to make your headings short and sweet. One or two lines work well. Three should be the
longest. Overly long headings can lose the roadmap effect you want to create. Revise the
headings as you draft the text beneath them. Read the headings from one to the next and craft
them so that, where feasible, they advance the progression of your story or argument. Use the
same syntax and structure from one heading to the next. Remember that headings are your
“formal” outline of the motion. You should use “I.”, “A.”, “1.” “(a)”, for example, in the Argument
section. Importantly, unless the brief is short (say 10 pages or less), you should always
incorporate sub and subsubheadings. This kind of breakdown greatly helps the judge follow
your reasoning. A good rule of thumb is to avoid writing more than about three or four pages
without including a heading (whether sub or subsub). While this might sound impractical, try it.
After writing many pages of text, reread that text to discern subheadings; if your text flows
logically, you likely will find appropriate subheadings that encapsulate the text, breaking up your
points in a way that helps the judge follow your positions.
Continue to pay attention to your headings and revise them as your brief evolves through
successive drafts. You should continue to hone your headings to present your position as
cogently and convincingly as possible. And be sure to use headings (and subheadings, etc.,
where appropriate) in the factual section of your brief. The roadmap here is of “the story” you
want the court to understand. A welltold story, just like a legal argument, should unfold logically
and concisely, putting the best foot forward for your client on the facts; thoughtful headings will
help greatly on that score.
. The table of authorities (TOA) is a helpful tool to both the judge and you. It, too, is often
required. So, even if your brief is short and contains few authorities, check whether it’s
nonetheless required. The TOA is a handy way to check on the cases used in your brief and to
make sure that none of the cases or other authorities you intended to cite are omitted; and the
TOA in your opponent’s brief gives you or your staff a quick way to identify and locate the other
side’s authorities. The TOA also gives your brief a further air of professionalism.
Body of the Moving Brief
Introduction
Although sometimes omitted for the sake of brevity, generally the body of the brief should begin
with, for example, “Plaintiff Jones submits this memorandum of law in support of his motion for
summary judgment pursuant to Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.” A
straightforward “who’s who” and “what’s what” to orient the judge immediately.
Preliminary Statement
Every brief should have an upfront summary of your overall position on the motion, typically
called the “Preliminary Statement.” It is perhaps the most important part of the brief. It should be
clear, crisp and concise, while still sufficiently describing your position and lucidly explaining
why your client should prevail. The Preliminary Statement should be only the big picture. Often
lawyers get carried away and become too detailed. Avoid giving specific dates, amounts and
other factual particulars, unless doing so is essential to understanding your story. Don’t cite
authorities, unless (similarly) everything turns on one key case or statute. Too much detail up
front will produce an “eyes glaze over” reaction, rather than one that begins the persuasion
process. Remember that typically the judge knows little about the motion and might not even be
up to speed on the case itself. Even where the judge knows the case, and perhaps has had a
. preview of the motion from a premotion conference, you always want to synthesize your
position so the judge knows where you are headed when you flesh out your points.
No matter how complex your case and how complicated the motion, the Preliminary Statement
usually should be three to four pages, or possibly five as the maximum. Often lawyers go on
and on at the very beginning. A 10page Preliminary Statement, for example, will invariably
come across as trying to do too much, is unlikely to persuade, and probably will leave the judge
confused. An effective Preliminary Statement should describe the cast of characters (i.e., the
parties and their relationships); the main story line from your perspective (the broad factual
context); the parties’ dispute (the claims and issues to be decided); why the court should rule in
your favor (the argument points, by broad theme); and, as a result, what you want the court to
do (the relief sought). After that, “say no more.” Often it is best to draft the Preliminary
Statement as the last or nearlast part of the drafting process. By then, you will have crystallized
your arguments, and the key points (both factual and legal) should be apparent. You should
endeavor to transform the detail from your facts and argument into a short narrative telling the
gist of your story and why you should win.
Drafting a persuasive Preliminary Statement is one of the hardest tasks a litigator faces in
written advocacy. It should be revised unabashedly and crafted carefully. Nonetheless, the
Preliminary Statement is often given short shrift. It shouldn’t be — the Preliminary Statement
must be the opening salvo for persuading the court to rule in your client’s favor.
Statement of Facts (or Statement of the Case)
For most cases, and most motions, the facts are key. While sometimes we litigate a pure
question of law, in most instances facts determine the results of cases. In motion practice, the
“facts” might be the allegations of a complaint (such as for a motion to dismiss), the evidence
adduced through discovery or submitted by witness affidavit (a summary judgment motion), the
circumstances of a document production dispute (a discovery motion), the evidence admitted
. (or excluded) at trial (a new trial motion), and the like. Whatever the context, the factual
presentation should present the facts 100 percent accurately, provide solid support for your
facts, and give an accurate recitation that nonetheless depicts the facts as favorably as possible
to your client’s cause.
Accuracy/Support​
. Virtually everything presented in the Statement of Facts should have a
citation or reference. For a motion to dismiss, generally that means citing to an allegation of the
complaint by specific paragraph. Or, for a summary judgment motion, each fact must be cited to
admissible evidence. Indeed, many courts, such as the district courts within the Second Circuit,
require by local rule that the movant on a summary judgment motion submit a separate
statement of material facts supposedly not in dispute for trial; and the opposing party must
respond in kind with countervailing evidence to show disputed issues of fact. For an effective
brief in support of most motions, the Statement of Facts should cite support
sentencebysentence.
Including specific support for the facts has an added benefit. By focusing support factbyfact, a
conscientious brief writer is better able to describe the facts with precise accuracy. In other
words, review the supporting materials that will comprise your record for the motion as you draft
the Statement of Facts. While this seems obvious, all too often lawyers prepare a Statement of
Facts from memory, general familiarity with the record, or without carefully examining the
support to be used, then leaving it to another lawyer or a paralegal to fill in the citations. That is
a recipe for disaster. Your Statement of Facts must adhere scrupulously to the supporting
materials it relies on. It should, of course, be citechecked with the rest of the brief, but
citechecking is not foolproof and errors can get by. Don’t take the chance. To assure accuracy,
drafting should go handinhand with review of factual materials. Because credibility and
trustworthiness are the touchstone of effective advocacy, nothing is more detrimental than
misstating a fact.
. The same holds true for ignoring a bad fact, as lawyers are sometimes wont to do. Your fact
statement should never ignore a bad fact. It assuredly will come back to bite you when the other
side relies on the fact, no doubt emphasizing that you omitted it. Bad facts, for example, might
be addressed in a broader context that is favorable, juxtaposed against good facts, or cast as
not determining the issue at hand or otherwise of little consequence. Similarly, add details from
the record that soften the bad fact. Focus on the temporal, if timing will lessen the import of a
bad fact. In other words, look for ways to deemphasize the negative. As some simple
illustrations (where a defendant’s guilty plea is important for the other side’s case), consider:
â—
“Although Smith pled guilty to a crime, he has led an exemplary life since then.” (OR
“Smith has led an exemplary life since pleading guilty to a crime ten years ago.”)
â—
“Although Smith pled guilty to a crime, that crime was unrelated to his conduct at
issue here.”
â—
“Although Smith pled guilty to a crime, that crime occurred almost ten years ago.”
â—
“Although Smith pled guilty to a crime, the crime was a misdemeanor.” (OR “The
crime that Smith pled guilty to some years ago was a misdemeanor.”)
â—
“Although Smith pled guilty to a crime, the judge sentenced him to probation only.”
Accentuate the positive. Downplay the negative. But bad facts must be addressed, never
ignored.
Favorable Presentation​
. The Statement of Facts tells a story. Advocacy for your position should
be part of the story, but the advocacy must be implicit. That is, the facts should tell the story
objectively, without overt characterization, but presented to best tell your side of the story.
Emphasize and deemphasize the facts to present your story favorably. Arrange the facts in the
best possible light. Do not use adjectives or adverbs; they are characterization that often injects
hyperbole and does not persuade. A familiar refrain is not to use “clearly” in a brief, and the
same holds true for similar words (e.g., “egregious,” “baldly,” “blatant”). Use expressive verbs
. and, where possible, descriptive nouns. The effective brief, like advocacy in general, should
evoke a response favoring your client, not demand it — you want to show the judge how to
come out your way, not tell her to do so. Evocative, not preachy, language accomplishes this.
Consider:
“The defendant committed a blatant misrepresentation by knowingly failing to disclose
an active grand jury investigation into its pricing practices when it issued its annual
report on January 30, 2016.”
OR
“On December 31, 2015, the Department of Justice served a grand jury subpoena on
Acme Company for its documents related to pricing practices. Acme’s general
counsel contacted ​ ​
DOJ that day and learned that the government had initiated a
criminal investigation. On January 30, 2016, Acme issued its annual report. The
annual report did not include any information about the criminal investigation.”
Let the facts speak for themselves. Let the judge draw his own conclusion. Don’t dictate the
conclusion you want.
Also consider the following language choice: “Acme Company did not misrepresent its expected
performance in its annual report because no business can [state vs. divine] its future earnings.”
The evocative verb “divine” impliedly supports Acme’s position whereas “state” does not.
Remember that the Statement of Facts should be proselike, narrating the events that matter for
deciding the motion. There should be plot to your narrative. Simplistically, the characters (the
parties) in your story had dealings with one another (the facts in issue) that led to conflict (the
claims) and caused harm (damages). Often describing the key events chronologically is
effective. Winnow out immaterial facts — those that do not matter for convincing the court that
. your position is correct. Be judicious. Omit extraneous details about the important facts because
they, too, are unlikely to advance the ball and instead can distract the reader. A story is best told
by using the players’ names or positions (such as “Smith”), rather than “plaintiff” and “defendant”
(or by legal jargon such as “assignee”/“assignor,” “grantor/grantee”). Identify individuals by last
name and entities by descriptor, such as the “Bank,” the “Law Firm,” “Acme” and the like. Think
about a short form that communicates covertly — for example, in a wrongful death action, you
might identify the deceased’s wife as the “Widow.”
The Statement of Facts must set the stage for the legal arguments to follow. You should already
have outlined the legal arguments, based on the law, when crafting the factual statement. What
facts are particularly important to the legal claims at issue and the legal arguments to be made?
They should be emphasized in your factual statement. Your argument down the road will
highlight those facts in the context of the principles of law that apply.
The bottom line is that the Statement of Facts — with nothing more — should make the court
want to rule in your favor. In most instances, the facts will drive the result, not the law, and you
want the story to move the judge to apply the law in order to reach the result you want. After
perhaps the Preliminary Statement, the Statement of Facts is the most important part of your
brief.
—By Scott M. Himes, ​
Ballard Spahr LLP
Scott Himes​
is a partner in Ballard Spahr's New York office. He focuses his practice on
complex commercial litigation and government enforcement matters.
The opinions expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views
of the firm, its clients, or Portfolio Media Inc., or any of its or their respective affiliates. This
article is for general information purposes and is not intended to be and should not be taken
as legal advice.
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